Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine concerned with study of the physiology, anatomy, and pathology of the eye. It also looks at the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the eye. [Mosby’s Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and health Professions, 2014].
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When untreated, a number of eye disorders lead to blindness. Blindness is the inability to see. The leading causes of chronic blindness include cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal opacities, diabetic retinopathy and eye conditions in children (e.g. caused by vitamin A deficiency).
Age-related blindness is
increasing throughout the world, as is blindness due to uncontrolled diabetes.
On the other hand, blindness caused by infection is decreasing, as a result of
public health action. Three-quarters of all blindness can be prevented or
treated.[http://www.who.int/blindness/en/]
Updated August 2014
285 million people are estimated to be visually
impaired worldwide: 39 million are blind and 246 have low vision.
About 90% of the world's visually impaired live
in low-income settings.
82% of people living with blindness are aged 50
and above.
Globally, uncorrected refractive errors are the
main cause of moderate and severe visual impairment; cataracts remain the
leading cause of blindness in middle- and low-income countries. 80% of all visual impairment can be prevented
or cured.
[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/
]
Globally the major causes of visual impairment are:
uncorrected refractive errors (myopia,
hyperopia or astigmatism), 43 %
unoperated cataract, 33%
glaucoma, 2%.
Zimbabwe and Eye disease
The survey for the period 2014-2018 says the
number of people developing blindness countrywide is expected to increase with
lack of awareness said to be contributing to the increase
"A lot of people end up ignoring eye cataracts, which will in the long run cause permanent blindness," MoHCC eye programme manager, Lillian Muchena said.
[ http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-18593-Shortage+of+doctors+stalls+cataracts+fight/news.aspx]
Nearly 1,3 million Zimbabweans are blind and the majority will end up developing common vision-loss due to cataract related ailments, a University of Zimbabwe ophthalmologist said.UZ ophthalmology (vision and eye science) Prof Rangarirai Masanganise.
“I can tell you that 10 percent of the total Zimbabwean population is blind,” he said. “Almost everyone in this country will also end up using reading glasses because of cataracts.”
Prof
Masanganise said over 10 000 per million children have refractive errors which
is a condition whereby they cannot focus parallel rays of light on the retina
article by bofuMoleen Machingura Herald Reporter [http://www.herald.co.zw/13m-zimbabweans-blind-says-expert/
]
Below are some local Zimbabwe news articles that discuss eye disease in Zimbabwe.
1.
V2020 strategy hangs in the balance
3. Shortage of doctors stalls cataracts fight
4. 13m Zimbabweans
blind says expert
5. EYE DISEASES IN AFRICAN CHILDREN
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature
› PubMed Central (PMC)
by DS McLaren
6. eye diseases in hiv-infected individuals in
rural south africa
www.cirion.net/files/HIV_project.pdf
7. Ophthalmology Links - Cyber-Sight
www.cybersight.org/bins/content_page.asp?cid=1-2187
Some books and websites online on Eye problems include:
Ophthalmology Lecture Notes (PDF 92P)
Dereje Negussie, Yared Assefa, Atotibebu Kassa,
Azanaw Melese
PDF | 92 Pages | English
This lecture note will serve as a practical
guideline for the hard-pressed mid-level health workers. Covers the following topics: basic anatomy and physiology
of the eye, basic examination of the eye, external eye diseases, differential
diagnosis of red eye, community ophthalmology, eye injuries and systemic
disease and the eye. http://www.freebookcentre.net/medical_books_download/Ophthalmology-Lecture-Notes-(PDF-92P).html
Global data on visual impairment 2010
The Ophthalmic Examination (PDF 85P)
Jim Schoster, DVM DACVO
PDF | 85 Pages | English
Covered topics are:The Ophthalmic
Examination,Vision Testing, Gross Evaluation, Symmetry, Ocular discharge,
Subtle Ptosis, Blepharospasms, Photophobia, Surface Topography, Palpation,
Retropulsion Palpation, Corneal Reflex, Pupillary symmetry, Finnoff
Transilluminator, Opacities in the Ocular Media, Ocular Opacity, Focal Beam
Examination, Slit Light Examination Flare, Retinal Examination, Direct
Ophthalmoscopy, Indirect ophthalmoscopy, Periocular Nerve Blocks, Sensory
Blocks, Tears, Sodium Fluorescein, Topical Anesthesia, Eyelid Eversion,
Intraocular Pressure Measurement, Nasolacrimal System, Conjunctival Cytology,
Conjunctival Biopsy. http://www.freebookcentre.net/medical_books_download/The-Ophthalmic-Examination-(PDF-85P).html
.
Ophthalmology -Medscape Reference by Hampton
Roy Sr et al
WebMD, 2011
Lecture notes on common eye diseases for
ophthalmic assistants
other similar such books and resources are
found on
ophthalmology ebooks online texts
Contact lens complications
Ophthalmologic disorders
Eye conditions
In our Library Book Collection we also have:
1. Ophthalmology: an illustrated colour text by M Batterbury and
Brad Bowling
2. Glaucoma: a clolour
manual of diagnosis and treatment by J J Kansi and J A McAllister
3. Color Atlas of Ophthalmic surgery: Cataracts R P Kratz and H
J Shammas
4. Contact lenses A-Z by N Efron
5. Clinical procedures in primary eye care by D B Elliott
6. Revision in Optics and refractions
7. Eye Surgery in the hot climates by J Sandford-Smith and D
Hughes.
8. Ophthalmology by M Yanoff and J S Duke
For these and more on Eye conditions and related topics please visit our library.
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